En historisk händelse sticker ut lite extra: år 1429 ägde rum i Lutsk ett berömt möte mellan monarker och makthavare i centrala och östra Europa. Närvarande var: den tyske kejsaren Sigismund av Luxemburg, den danske kungen Erik, storfursten av Moskva, stormästarna från Preussen och Livland, härskaren (hospodar) av Valachiet, två mäktiga chaner österifrån, kung Wladyslaw Jagiello med maka, den bisantinske kejsarens sändebud, den polske kardinalen Zbigniew Olesnicki, den ryske metropoliten, den påvliga legaten, plus många fler. Gästerna åt upp dagligen 700 oxar, 100 visenter, tusentals småvilt och de drack varje dag 700 tunnor av allehanda drycker.
Jag får en bestämd känsla av att Europas mentala centrum låg betydligt mera till höger på kartan - innan Konstantinopels fall och innan Amerikas upptäckt. Kanske låg det i närheten av Lutsk ?
Lutsk är Volhyniens gamla residens- och stiftsstad. Den har varit landskapets huvudort i över 400 år. Kort efter Polens sista delning (1795) förlorade staden Lutsk sin status. De nya ryska myndigheterna flyttade administrationen 270 km österut, till staden Zytomierz/Zjitomir i östra Volhynien.
Tsarryssland gjorde väl på ett liknande sätt på 1800-talet i Finland, där man flyttade huvudorten från Åbo/Turku till Helsingfors/Helsinki ?
Den övre borgen i Lutsk finns idag kvar i sin helhet och den består främst av mycket välbevarade tegelmurar. 85% av teglet och murbruket är original – säger den utmärkte ukrainske guiden Serhej. Han har studerat historia på universitetet och han ger oss en mycket minnesvärd och engagerad privatguidning - på polska. Serhejs föräldrar föddes för övrigt i L’vov innan kriget, så de var polska medborgare ett tag. Vi tittar även på en samling dyrbara böcker och biblar tryckta med gamla kyrilliska bokstäver. Tiden går fort. Vi pratar om Lutsk’s skiftande öden, om Volhyniens tidiga historia, om Rurikid-ättens utslocknande, om gamla Polen och om gamla Litauen, om kyrkans position idag, om Ukrainas aktuella situation. Serhej nämner i förbigående att det i Ryssland, bara runt Moskva, har på de senaste åren byggts ett hundratal helt nya kyrkor. Bara som ett exempel på hur man använder pengarna där. Serhej sammanfattar lite uppgivet sitt kära hemlands tillstånd med en enda kärnfull mening: ”Ukraina, ja - det är ett extremt rikt land, befolkat av extremt fattiga människor”. Vi vandrar vidare. Den avsevärt rymligare nedre borgen är idag i princip borta och den äldsta stadens ursprung-liga hus likaså, men alla de nuvarande byggnaderna står på exakt samma ställen och de kan ge en viss känsla av svunna tider. En i mitt tycke ovanlig f.d. synagoga (renoverad) står alldeles utanför den nu obefintliga stadsmuren, fast byggnaden används idag som idrottshall.
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Luck
The Coat of Arms of the Russian period
It was founded in the days of Kijow Rus by Wlodzimierz Swiatoslawowicz. The first mention was in Ipatiiv chronicles in 1085. Magdeburg Right of a town was granted in 1430.
Short Description/History
Regional centre on the river Styr.
Luck is first mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicles in the year of 1085. In the mid-12th century Luck was one of the largest cities in the Galician-Wolynian Principality.
During the 13th and 14th cent. an icon-painting workshop was located in Luck. The most famous monument from this period is the icon of the Wolynian Blessed Virgin Mary, first discovered in the Pokrowa Church (Protection).
Luck was ransacked and razed to the ground in 1240 and again in 1500. Under the Lithuanian rule the city was considered the second state capital. In 1429 a conference of European monarchs was held here, during which the question of defending Europe from the Tatar onslaught was discussed.
More on Luck
The city of Luck was until the end of the 18th century part of Poland, then under Russian control until the end of World War I.
Between the two World Wars again it was part of Poland, and in 1939 it was taken over by the USSR. Nazi Germany occupied Lutsk in 1941, and after World War II, it again became part of the Soviet Union. There were Jews in Lutsk in the tenth century, and in the 13 Century a community of Karaites settled there. Both they and the Rabbanites enjoyed the rights granted to the Jews of Lithuania in general and later of Poland-Lithuania. The importance of Luck as a political and economic centre grew. After the union of Poland and Lithuania in 1569, the Jews benefited by this new situation, some being engaged in large-scale commerce, some leasing the customs revenue, breweries, and potash production plants, while others traded in forest and agricultural products. In 1576 the city became part of the Kingdom of Poland During World War I the town changed hands several times and was occupied by Russian and German troops. Luck's Churches and Historical Monuments
Luck Castle, 13th to 14th century; A fortified structure with three towers; the Passage, or Tower of Lyubart, who was the ruler of Luck, the Styr, or the Tower of Swidryllo, and the Wladychy. In 1987 a bell museum was established in the Wladychy Tower. Construction on the castle was begun during Lyubart's rule and completed during the rule of Swidrylo. It was restored in 1977.
Hulewicz Building, 16th century; Unique example of residential architecture Halshka Hulewicziwna, one of the founders of the Kyivan Collegium.
Vaults of the old City, 16th-18th century. Underground labyrinths in the vicinity of Katedralna Street, Daniel Halicki Street, and others. Excavations were begun in 1970. More then 50 subterranean sites were discovered, containing a larg number of household artifacts, implements, etc. A prison complex with an isolation cell was discovered beneath the Roman Catholic Church of SS. Peter and Paul. According to legend, the subterranean passages linked Luck with the neighboring villages of Shepel, Zdyczyn, Olyka, and others.
Photos of Eastern Border Lands of II Polish Republic
These are some of the photos that I have, if you wish to see a fuller picture and a brief history click on the corresponding picture
This page is best viewed with Internet Explorer 4.0 or above, unpredictable photo positioning when using Netscape
Biala Czortkowska - District of Podole
Lwow - District of Podole
More
Tarnopol - District of Podole
Wilno
Wilno in the 1920's
Photos of Village life in Wielenszczyzna
Wolyn
Photos of city of Luck
Next Page
Kresy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Polish voivodeships 1922-1939. The eastern voivodships can be considered as roughly equivalent with 'Kresy'.
The term Eastern Borderlands, or simply Borderlands, was firstly used to define the Polish eastern frontier. The Tatar Horde settled on the Lower Dnieper River in the Borderlands (see: Wild Fields). Then, The Borderlands referred to the eastern frontiers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the period of the Second Polish Republic, The Borderlands were equated with the lands to the east of Curzon line. In September 1939 the Borderlands were occupied by the Soviet Union and after World War II they were incorporated as a part of the Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. When the Soviet Union dissolved the Borderlands were included in the territories of countries which gained independence.
Etymology
According to the “Dictionary of the Polish Language” by Samuel Bogumil Linde from 1807, Borderlands referred to the Polish eastern frontier. The Tatar Horde settled on the Lower Dnieper River in the Borderlands. For the first time in literature, this term was probably used by Wincenty Pol in his poems entitled “Mohort” from 1854 and in “Pieśń o ziemi naszej”. Pol claimed that it was the line from Dniester to Dnieper River so the land of Tatar borderland. At the beginning of the 20th century the meaning of the term Borderlands expanded to include the lands of the former eastern provinces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, to the east of Lvov-Vilnius line, and in the period of the Second Polish Republic the Borderlands were equated with the land to the east of Curzon line. Currently the term Eastern Borderlands describes former, eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic.
History
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Eastern Borderlands was the area situated on the lower Dnieper River under so-called ‘porohy’ in the then Kijov province. After the union of Lublin of 1569 the Wild Fields were incorporated into the boundaries of the Republic of the Two Nations. At the beginning those areas were uninhabited.
Under the Russian and Austrian occupation
The year 1772 is the beginning of the Russian and the Austrian territorial trophies at the cost of areas of the Republic of the Two Nations which today are named Eastern Borderlands (areas situated to the east of today’s Polish border). This process was held in three stages (annexations). In the first partition (1772) Russia occupied (Inflanty|Polish Inflanty]], the northern part of Plock province, Vitebsk province, Mscislaw province and the southeast part of Minsk province (about 92 thousand km², 1,3 million people). Austria occupied Rus Halicka, regions near Zamosc and northern Lesser Poland (about 83 thousand km² and 2,65 million people). During the second partition in 1793 Russia took Belarusian and Ukrainian lands to the east of Druja-Pinsk-Zbrucz line, i.e.: Kiev, Bratslav, part of Podolia, east part of Volhynia and Brest, Minsk and part of Vilnius (about 250 thousand km²) provinces. The third partition took place in 1795 and Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian areas to the east of the Bug River and Niemirow-Grodno line (about 120 thousand km²) were occupied. This period in the history of Poland, especially in its eastern part, was a time of national rebellions (November Uprising, January Uprising), persecutions, deportations to Siberia and denationalization of Poles. The partition, especially that of the Russian were a catastrophe not only for Polish statehood but also for social development. The eastern borderlands belonged to the last regions in Europe where serfdom was abolished: In 1848 it was eliminated in the Austrian partition and in 1864 in the Russian partition.
March 1919
The time between September 1918 and March 1919 was especially turbulent for the Eastern Borderlands of Poland, as it was the time of the rebirth of the Polish state and the formation of the border. At that time, Poland was involved in three wars for its Eastern borders: with Ukraine, the Bolsheviks and Lithuania. As a result Poland incorporated a great part of the land that was under Russian rule situated to the east of the Curzon line. This terrain formed the Eastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland: part of Lviv, Novogrod, Polesie, Stanislawów, Tarnopol, Vilnius, Volyn a and part of Białystok]].
The Russian and the German occupation
In late September 1939 the Eastern borderlands unlike the rest of Poland were under Russian rule and not German. This was due to a secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed on the 23rd of August 1939 in Moscow, regulating the course of the demarcation line between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Russians invaded Poland on the 17th of September moving fast to the Western border. Already on the 22nd of September both aggressors celebrated the success of their armies in a joint parade of victory in Brest-Litovsk (today's Brest). The Russian army committed many crimes against Polish civilians and prisoners of war at the beginning of occupying the Borderlands. In the end the course of the border was designated by the agreement on borders and friendship between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union signed on the 28th of September. Polish command and government were completely surprised by the Russian attack and for three months, until the 18th of December, they could not announce that Poland was in a state of war with Russia or even give clear orders to their soldiers.
After the beginning of the Soviet-German war which took place the 22nd of June 1941, the Germans moved approximately thousand kilometers eastwards in the first weeks, breaking apart or taking Soviet troops into capture. Due to these events, the Polish eastern frontiers changed from being under Soviet occupation to German for almost a three year period.
In January 1944, Soviet troops reached the former Polish-Soviet border (by September the 17th 1939), whereas till the end of July they again brought under control the whole territory that was granted to the USSR with the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty of 28 September 1939, which are currently the terrains eastward from the Eastern Polish border.
The Post war period
Already during the Teheran Conference in 1943, a new Eastern Polish border was established, in effect sanctioning the Soviet territorial acquisitions from September 1939 and ignoring protests from the Polish emigrant government in London.
The Potsdam conference gave consent to the deportation of the Polish people from the former eastern Polish border, but the issue with the Polish western border was still unsolved, in effect surrendering the territories of the third Reich situated east of the Oder and the Lusatian Neisse River (excl. the eastern Prus region) during the period of the temporary Polish jurisdiction and up to the moment, where territorial borders were finally acknowledged by the peace treaty.
After the Second World War, the Polish eastern boundaries were incorporated into Soviet Union as part of the republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. The annexation of the territories in eastern Poland was celebrated in the Soviet Union and is also currently considered in independent Belarus as the “unification of Western Belarus with the SSR part of Belarus”. The official name of the attack on Poland was “the Red Army freedom campaign”. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Polish eastern boundaries, found themselves at the borders of the newly formed and now independent eastern republics of the former USSR.
References
- Mały rocznik statystyczny 1939, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Yearbook 1939, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 1939).
External links
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| 1393 | Timur Lang intar Bagdad och bränner ner staden. |
1394
Beyazit I | Sultantiteln erkänns.
När Bajazid I tillträdde så var hans officiella titel bey. Han börjar nu kalla sig för sultan "makt" vilket nu också erkänns. |
| 1396 | Slaget vid Nikopolis (i nuv. Bulgarien).
Bajazid I besegrar den odisciplinerade riddarhären som består utav tyskar, ungrare, fransmän och flamländare. Slaget var mycket jämt tills dess att ett gäng serber dök upp på turkarnas sida vilket avgjorde saken. |
| 1396 | Valakiet blir en lydstat under turkarnas mäktiga osmanska välde. |
| 1397 | Kalmarunionen.
Erik av Pommern kröns till kung i Kalmar över de tre nordiska rikena Sverige, Norge och Danmark. Relationerna mellan dessa länder går nu genom Kalmarunionen. |
| 1398 | Timur Lang invaderar norra Indien. |
| 1402 | Slaget vid Angora (nuv. Ankara).
Bajazid I anfaller en armenisk lydfurste till Timur Lang, detta upptas som krigsorsak. Den osmanska hären krossas och Bajazid I hamnar i fångenskap hos Timur Lang där han får bl.a. tjänstgöra som fotpall åt T. Lang, han avlider kort därefter.
Följder:
Osmanska riket upplöses
Balkanvassallerna frigör sig från väldet.Ett litet område i Dardanellerna gick till osmanerna. |
| 1402 | En falsk kung Olof dyker upp i Preussen.
Han lyckas med att vinna tilltro och upprättar ett hov i Danzig. Margareta lyckas att få honom utelämnad och han bränns på bål i Falsterbo. |
| 1404 | Belgrad blir huvudstad i det serbiska riket.
Stora arbeten sker nu för att omvandla den mindre bysantinska borgen till en starkt befäst huvudstad. |
| 1405 | Timur Lang (1336-1405) avlider.
Bajazids söner får nu fria händer, Mehmet I lyckas besegra sina bröder. Han lyckas konsolidera det osmanska riket, undan för undan. |
| 1406 | Grunden till Malmö latinskola.
Påven Innocentius VII ger Malmö inv. tillåtelse att inrätta en skola nära St. Petri kyrka.
|
| 1407 | Stockholm brinner ner den 11:e april. Stockholms nuvarande befolkningsmängd uppskattas till ca 4000, det bör nämnas att Kina redan på 1200- talen har flera miljonstäder. |
| 1412 | Drottning Margareta dör
Hon dör p.g.a. pest på sitt skepp i Flensburg.
|
| 1415 | Johan Huss bränns på bål.
Professorn har förespråkat en reformation av kyrkan. Han döms detta år av kyrkomötet i Kontanz till kätteri vilket leder till bålet. |
1419
Henry V | Staden Rouen faller för Henrik V av England och Normandie blir engelskt.
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| 1427 | Sjöslag mellan hanseatisk flotta och en dansk- svensk i Öresund.
Hansan förlorar slaget samt 30st rika handelsfartyg. |
| 1431 | Jeanne d´Arc bränns på bål.
Burgunderna tillfångatar Jeanne vid Compiégne, bondflickan utlämnas till engelsmännen som i sin tur dömer henne som kättare av inkvisitionen och hon bränns på bål i Rouen. 1920 så blir hon helgonförklarad i frankrike och 30 maj blir då en nationell helgdag. |
| 1437 | Malmö får sitt nuvarande stadsvapen
Kung Erik av Pommern ger malmö detta stadsvapen, ett rött griphuvud (den pommerska gripen). |
| 1440 | Erik av Pommern avsätts
Han kommer sedemera att syssla med sjöröveri. |
1442
Vlad III Dracul | Osmanerna invaderar Transylvanien.
Vlad III Dracula (1431- 76) även kallad Vlad Tepes (pålspetsaren), lyder under ungersk överhöghet och tvingas avstå Valakiet.
|
| 1444 | Vlad III Dracul återtar makten i Valakiet.
Med turkarnas hjälp så återtar Vlad III makten i Valakiet. För att visa sin lojalitet till sultanen så sänder Vlad III två av sina söner (Vlad och Radu) till Adrianopel där de fängslas i 4 år. |
| 1444 | Slaget vid Varna
Osmanerna under Murad II, krossar de allierades kristna armé vid Varna. Ungerns kung Uladislaus I (Ladislaus III av Polen) dödas. Ladislaus V (1440–57) väljs till kung i Ungern. |
1447
Vladislav II Jagelón | Vlad II Dracul och hans son Mircea mördas.
Vladislav II ligger bakom detta verk. John Hunyadis (ungersk nationalhjälte) lyckas tillsätta Vladislav II på tronen i Valakiet. Osmanerna vill inte ha en ungersk regent i Valakiet så Vlad III Dracul släpps nu fri och förses med en armé. |
1448
John Hundyadi | Vlad III Dracul besegrar Vladislav II.
Han regerar i 2månader över Valakiet tills John Hunyadis tvingar honom till exil i Moldavien. |
| 1452 | Utanför Konstantinopel.
Mehmet I bygger fästningen Rumeli Hisari på de europeiska sidan av Bosporen för att effektivt kunna strypa livsmedelstillförseln till staden. |
1453
Mehmet II |  Konstantinopel intas och plundras.
Den 29:e Maj klockan halv två på natten ljuder de osmanska trumpeterna. Muhammed tågar in till Hagia Sofia- kyrkan där han förrättar sin bön, därefter omgörs Hagia till en moské. Konstantinopel är en bankrutterad stat som nu försvinner ur historien. Staden behåller det officiella namnet Konstantinopel fram till år 1924 då den kallas för Istanbul.
Man skulle kunna säga att om Bysans hade accepterat/ trott på skärselden (vilket var en av orsakerna till kyrkans splittring år 1054) så hade föreningen Rom och Konstantinopel i enad front mot turkarna redan år 1439 vid kyrkomötet i Ferarra varit ett bestående faktum.
Historia om staden...
660 f.Kr Grundas Byzantion (Bysans) av greker från Megara.
196 e.Kr Romarna intar staden
330 Kejsar Kontantin den store inviger Nova Roma, igen använde detta namn för staden som fick heta Konstantinopel
1204 Korsfararna (4:e korståget) intar staden
1453 Staden blir osmanernas huvudstad
1930 Kontantinopel byter officiellt namn till Istanbul. |
| 1455 | Moldavien hamnar under det Osmanska väldet. |
| 1456 | Slaget vid Belgrad.
Belgrad, som nu är en ungersk stad, angrips av turkarna under Mehmed II. Man lyckas till sist att försvara staden men förluster på 10.000 man och strax därefter en pestepedemi som bröt ut tog även János Hunyadi liv den 11 augusti 1456.
Du finner statyn över János Hunyadi på frihetstorget i Budapest.
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| 1456 | Vlad III Dracul blir furste över Valakiet.
Med John Hunyadis hjälp så dödas Vladislav II då han vänt John ryggen och istället börja stödja Osmanerna. |
| 1459 | Serbien som stat försvinner nu från historien.
Serbien ink. Kosovo blir en turkisk provins. Detta kommer att ändras om ca. 400 år. |
| 1459 | Bukarest blir stad.
Staden som uppstår i anslutning till den borg som tillhör Vlad Tepes (Draculla) |
Wołyń Voivodeship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wołyń Voivodeship or Volhynian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Wołyńskie, Latin: Palatinatus Volhynensis) was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918-1939) as well as of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It ceased to exist in September of 1939, following German and Soviet aggression on Poland (see: Invasion of Poland)
1918-1939
Population
Its capital was Łuck, Volhynia (now: Lutsk in Ukraine). It consisted of 11 powiats (counties), 22 towns and only 103 villages. In 1921 was inhabited by 1 437 569 people, and the population density was only 47.5 persons per sq. km. Around 68% of population was Ukrainian, 17% - Polish, Jews (mainly in towns) - made around 10%. There were also German (2.3%) and Czech (1.5%) settlers, who arrived in the 19th century. In 1931, the population grew to 2 085 600 and the density - to 58 persons per sq. km.
The religion practised in the area was primarily Eastern Orthodox Christian. There were also Roman and Eastern Rite Catholics as well as adherents of Judaism and a few Tatars of the Islamic faith.
Location and area
Initially, Voivodeship’s area was 30 276 square kilometers (until 1930). In this year, Sarny county from Polesie Voivodeship was moved to Volhynian Voivodeship. The Sarny county's area was 5 478 km² and due to this change, region's area grew to 35 754 km² (which made it the second largest in the country). It was located in south-east part of the country, bordering Soviet Union to the east, Lublin Voivodeship to the west, Polesie Voivodeship to the north, Lwów Voivodeship and Tarnopol Voivodeship to the south. Landscape was flat and hilly in parts. In the north, there was a flat strip of land called the Volhynian Polesie, which spread for some 200 kilometers from the Western Bug river to the Polish-Soviet border. South was more hilly, especially extreme south-east, around the historical town of Krzemieniec, which is located in the Gologory mountains. Main rivers - the Styr, the Horyn, the Slucz.
Cities and counties
Its capital was Luck, with population of around 35 600 (as for 1931). Other important centers of the voivodeship were: Rowne (in 1931 pop. 42 000), Kowel (pop. 29 100), Wlodzimierz Wolynski (pop. 26 000), Krzemieniec (pop. 22 000), Dubno (pop. 15 3000, Ostrog (pop. 13 400) and Zdolbunow (pop. 10 200).
Counties:
- Dubno county (area 3 275 km², pop. 226 700),
- Horochow county (area 1757 km², pop. 122 100),
- Kostopol county (area 3496 km², pop. 159 600),
- Kowel county (area 5682 km², pop. 255 100),
- Krzemieniec county (area 2790 km², pop. 243 000),
- Luboml county (area 2 054 km², pop. 85 500),
- Luck county (area 4 767 km², pop. 290 800),
- Rowne county (area 2898 km², pop. 252 800),
- Sarny county (area 5 478 km², pop. 181 300),
- Wlodzimierz Wolynski county (area 2 208 km², pop. 150 400),
- Zdolbunow county (area 1 349 km², pop. 118 300).
Railroads and industry
Volhynian Voivodeship was located in the so-called Poland “B”, which meant that it was underdeveloped, with non-existing industry and it should be more accurate to call it Poland “C”. Large part of population, especially Ukrainian, was poor, with high level of illiteracy (in 1931 as much as 47.8% was illiterate, with the national average of 23.1%).
The situation was much better among Czechs and Germans, whose farms were highly efficient. Railroad network was scarce, with only few junctions - the most important one at Kowel, also at Zdolbunow, Rowne and Wlodzimierz. Total length of railroads within Voivodeship's boundaries was 1 211 kilometers, which was only 3.4 per 100 square kilometers. Forested was 23.7% of area (as for 1937).
September 1939 and its aftermath
On September 17, 1939, following German aggression on Poland and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. As bulk of Polish Army was concentrated in the west, fighting Germans, the Soviets met with little resistance and their troops quickly moved westwards, occupying Voivodeship’s area with ease. In the years 1942-1944 Volhynia was the scene of several massacres. The ethnic cleansing was carried out by the Ukrainian units, who wanted to get rid of all Poles. As a result, tens of thousands of Poles perished and now Volhynia is almost 100% Ukrainian.
Later, Voivodeship was incorporated into Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Now most part of the region is covered by the Rivne Oblast and Volhynian Oblast of Ukraine.
14th century - 1795
Volhynian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Wołyńskie, Latin: Palatinatus Volhynensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 14th century till 1569 and in the Kingdom of Poland (the Crown) since 1569 till the partitions of Poland in 1795. It was part of Little Poland province and belonged to its Ruthenian (or Ukrainian regions).
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
Regional council (sejmik generalny) for all Ruthenian lands
Regional council (sejmik poselski i deputacki) seats:
Administrative division:
Voivodes:
References
- Maly rocznik statystyczny 1939, Nakladem Glownego Urzedu Statystycznego, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939).
See also
